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Genetic information in sport
Can DNA testing be used in talent identification?
There is evidence that genes contribute to athletic performance, although the contribution of genes to success at the elite level may range anywhere from 5% to 90%. There is no evidence that genetic variations can predict athletic performance. At the moment, DNA testing is unlikely to provide any additional information to an athlete, talent scout or coach beyond what already is known through the traditional talent identification programs.
Have studies shown any direct links between genes and sporting prowess?
A variation in one gene called ACTN3 has been identified by Australian researchers as one that may affect elite athletic performance. It is unclear how useful testing for this gene would be in making decisions about talent identification or even personalised training. Attempts by some football clubs in Australia to use genetic information for selection or training have not produced any reported benefits and were abandoned.
Can genetic screening be used to determine predisposition to illness or injury?
The use of genetic testing to determine whether an individual has a predisposition to sports-related illnesses or injuries is still experimental. It is known that some genetic disorders (e.g. Marfan syndrome - associated with tallness, and an abnormality of the aorta that can lead to rupturing and death) can represent a serious health risk in someone undertaking strenuous activity. In, for example, the professional basketball associations, physical appearances of Marfan syndrome or features of this disorder detectable by a test such as echocardiography might be looked for in professional athletes.
Are there any legal concerns about genetic testing in the sporting area?
The use of genetic testing and genetic information to exclude people from participation in sport, directly or indirectly, will become a bigger issue in future, especially where there is a genetic predisposition to a condition, rather than evidence of an existing disease. The Australian Law Reform Commission and the NHMRC through the 2003 Essentially Yours report recommended that, as a general rule, predictive genetic information should not be used to make decisions affecting employment (this would extend to sport).
What are the ethical concerns with the use of genetic testing and information in sport?
There are concerns about the effect on individual athletes, especially when this involves children or young people.